專升本英語科目中,語法是非常重要的,而且也很難學(xué)。尤其是有些升本人本身基礎(chǔ)就不好,猛地碰到語法就不知道該怎么辦。今天庫課李老師就給考生整理了河南專升本英語語法考點(diǎn),正在備考中的考生一定要認(rèn)真查看,爭(zhēng)取考出高分。
“ 主+謂+賓主+系+表”
1、主語是句子的主體,一般位于句首。
在原始的簡(jiǎn)單句中,主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞表示。
例如: During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名詞)We often speak English in class.(代詞)One-third of the students in this class are girls.(數(shù)詞)The rich should help the poor.(名詞化的形容詞)
2、謂語(動(dòng)詞)
謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下:1.簡(jiǎn)單謂語:由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如:He practices running every morning.2.復(fù)合謂語:(1)由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caughta bad cold.(2)由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如:We are students.
在英語中一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句只能有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞(知道為什么嗎),而且,我們平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)態(tài)是針對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞來說。如果以do為例,do,did,have done,will do,had done, is/am/are doing,was/were doing,would do。在簡(jiǎn)單句中,謂語動(dòng)詞和主語是句子的核心,是不可以隨意刪掉的。
3、賓語
賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者,一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如: They went to see an exhibition(展覽)yesterday.(名詞)The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school>How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(數(shù)詞)They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名詞化形容詞)
4、表語
表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動(dòng)詞(如be,become,get,look,grow, turn,seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞。Our teacher of English is an American.(名詞)Is it yours?(代詞)The weather has turned cold.(形容詞)The speech is exciting.(分詞)Three times seven is twenty one?(數(shù)詞)
基礎(chǔ)提升
在簡(jiǎn)單句中,只要滿足上面兩種結(jié)構(gòu),就可以把一件簡(jiǎn)單的事說清楚,但隨著英語的逐漸演變,又演變出兩種新的成分,可以對(duì)句子進(jìn)行修飾和補(bǔ)充,我們稱之為定語和狀語。
1、定語:
修飾名詞或代詞的詞為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示:(在漢語里,定語可以翻譯成…的)Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容詞)China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分詞)There are thirty women teachers is our school.(名詞)His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代詞)
2、狀語:
修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語。狀語在高中是一個(gè)相對(duì)抽象的概念,在簡(jiǎn)單句中狀語一般由副詞充當(dāng),修飾動(dòng)詞和形容詞為主,除此之外,介詞短語在簡(jiǎn)單句中也喜歡扮演狀語的作用,這個(gè)語法點(diǎn)主要存在于我們的語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)中。
基礎(chǔ)再提升
隨著英語的逐漸演變,在某些簡(jiǎn)單句中,相對(duì)應(yīng)的句子成分不能用單詞進(jìn)行描述。主(多喝水)+ is great for your health.I love 賓(踢足球).My hobby is 表(玩電腦游戲).I has bought a book(王先生寫的).
我們發(fā)現(xiàn),在上面的模型里,沒有辦法用一個(gè)單詞進(jìn)行描述,所以在演變的過程中,出來一個(gè)新的語法成分,叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞短語(to do,doing,done,注意done與did的區(qū)別)
1、只加不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞:
plan,demand,promise,help,prepare,decide,refuse,choose,wish/hope,expect,fail,pretend,manage,determine,beg,arrange,threaten,claim,hesitate,happen等;
2、只加動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞:
admit,avoid, consider,escape,imagine,mind,miss,practice,suggest, advise,allow, permit,risk,prevent,resist,deny, forbid,advocate,forgive,acknowledge,postpone, delay, fancy,recall,finish/complete,acknowledge等;
3、下面這些短語只能加doing作賓語:
be addicted to,be accustomed to,get down to,lead to ,contribute to, devote oneself to,object to,look forward to,owing to,become/get/be used to,pay attention to等等;
4、既可以加to do,也可以加doing的動(dòng)詞,且意思很相近的動(dòng)詞:intend,attempt,continue,begin,start等。
5、接to do 和doing 作賓語意義差別很大的動(dòng)詞:
mean, forget, try, go on等。To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)Smoking does harm to the health.(動(dòng)名詞)He pretended not to see me.(不定式短語)I enjoy listening to popular music.(動(dòng)名詞短語)Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短語)The boy playing football(動(dòng)名詞短語) is my brotherThe dog killed by a car(過去分詞短語) is very fierce.
注意:非謂語動(dòng)詞短語作定語時(shí),要放在修飾詞的后面,形容詞做定語時(shí),放在修飾詞的前面。
拓展:非謂語動(dòng)詞短語是一個(gè)全新的語法概念,因?yàn)榕c我們漢語語法思維差別很大,所以同學(xué)們對(duì)此不是很理解,所以在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)需要轉(zhuǎn)換下思維。它的出現(xiàn)解決了英語單詞扮演不了的功能,英語進(jìn)入了一個(gè)嶄新的發(fā)展時(shí)期。
從句的到來,隨著英語的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,非謂語動(dòng)詞短語的功能逐漸衰退。
主(我們所需要的東西)+is +much knowledge I know賓(Tom 什么時(shí)候回來)
My question is (是否我們需要好好學(xué)英語) I love a place(有很多鮮花和綠樹的地方)
我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),這時(shí)出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)句子來扮演成分的功能,所以也就有日后大家學(xué)習(xí)的賓語從句,主語從句,表語從句,定語從句相關(guān)概念了,而且我們知道在改錯(cuò)和語法填空里,這些都是高頻考點(diǎn)。